Outline of the working draft
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Crime and its causation
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Notes
Adherence to Law is innate and is a part of "normal" and healthy psyche. The intricacies of Law are not taught to children and even to adults, however most of them do know the difference between "right and wrong" and what should or should not be done, and how they should or should not behave. The healthy and law abiding citizens, led by healthy and law abiding governments and their leaders make healthy and law abiding societies, which make healthy and lawful international order. Conversely, individual psychopathology is the main cause of social pathologies. This logically leads to the issue of role and importance of comprehensive and scientifically empirically based mental health services.
Any religion contains interconnected moral and legal proscriptions which are perceived by their adherents as one and the same.
The Ten Commandments is the case in point.
The more complex is the social structure, the more complex (containing and integrating the seemingly contradictory and mutually exclusive aspects) is the set of moral rules and laws they have.
If the Law is mostly innate, then everyone has his/her "individual set of legal rules" which might or might not coincide, fully or partially, with the universally accepted sets.
These universal and individual sets are also class and culture bound.
"Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi": what is allowed to jupiters usually is not allowed to bulls and vice versa; and since it is the jupiters, who make the rules, they "always win". Upper classes enjoy greater flexibility in observance and application of laws, which is balanced by their, usually, greater strength of inner law and the sense of responsibility; lower classes violate the written and unwritten laws more often because they were not written and established by them and are not necessarily accepted by them as inner moral and legal imperatives.
This individual, class and cultural variability creates a rather polymorphous legal environment.
Individual criminal activity usually forms a certain, internally lifetime consistent pattern, a "criminal profile", which is a behavioral expression of underlying individual psychopathology. Killers usually continue to kill, rapist continue to rape, thieves continue to steal, and the so called "psychopaths" continue to exploit and swindle, etc. The stability of this criminological patterns indicates the need to address and treat the underlying psychopathology rather than to apply the punishments, which are the forms of social retaliation rather then solution of the problem, and usually are ineffective, given the high rates of recidivism and, probably, paradoxically, reinforcing, due to associated overt or covert anger.
With all that, the behavioral approach: "tit for tat" and inevitability of punishment probably remain the most effective, historically formed interventions.
Criminogenic situations should be viewed as products of activities of criminal groups of various, hierarchically positioned, sizes: from small groups to various gangs to criminal societies.
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Links and References
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Categorisation by type
The following classes of offences are used, or have been used, as legal terms of art:
Researchers and commentators have classified crimes into the following categories, in addition to those above:- Forgery, personation and cheating[26]
- Firearms and offensive weapons[27]
- Offences against the State/Offences against the Crown and Government[28]/Political offences[29]
- Harmful or dangerous drugs[30]
- Offences against religion and public worship[31]
- Offences against public justice[32]/Offences against the administration of public justice[29]
- Public order offence[33]
- Commerce, financial markets and insolvency[34]
- Offences against public morals and public policy[35]
- Motor vehicle offences[36]
- Conspiracy, incitement and attempt to commit crime[37]
- Inchoate offence
- Juvenile Delinquency
Causes and correlates of crime
Main article: Causes and correlates of crime
Many different causes and correlates of crime have been proposed with varying degree of empirical support. They include socioeconomic, psychological, biological, and behavioral factors. Controversial topics include media violence research and effects of gun politics.
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The causes of crime is one of the major research areas in criminology. A large number of narrow and broad theories have been proposed for explaining crime.
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Criminal Triad Theory
Criminal triad theory is a relatively new theory of criminality that looks at the interplay of three psychosocial developmental processes (attachment, moral development, and identity-formation) in the development of a person's internal deterrence system during adolescence.
Biosocial criminology
Biosocial criminology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring both biological factors and environmental factors. While contemporary criminology has been dominated by sociological theories, biosocial criminology also recognizes the potential contributions of fields such as genetics, neuropsychology, and evolutionary psychology.[8]
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