Sunday, December 15, 2013

Behavioral Biopsychosocial Criminology - draft notes and links: "Humans are Law producing and abiding animals..."

Humans are Law producing and abiding animals, "legal" animals (there is no notion of "legal" behavior in the Animal Kingdom - a truly "wild life", with its atavistic traces at the roots of human criminality and at the roots of the wide variety of human criminal behaviors). Humans are "homo lexicus" (along with "homo aestheticus" and many other aspects of human nature, namely what makes humans "humans", and which is not just "homo sapience" alone by far), which increases the cohesion and the level of organisation in the human societies (with some oscillations, probably inevitable in the natural search for the "golden middle" along the historical Libertarian - Totalitarian continuum); and thus the society's, culture's, country's mights and powers, including of course, their political and military powers also.

This is more or less in line with the general biopsychosocial approach in behavioral sciences (including psychiatry) and this approach in criminology ("scientific" and traditional attempts at understanding and dealing with the universe of human criminal behaviors) can be named as  Behavioral Biopsychosocial Criminology. 

The legal and nonlegal behaviors can be viewed as the phenomena arranged along the certain severity and typology spectrums, according with the historically, empirically and rationally formed legal concepts of crime and its various and many attempts at deeper and more scientific understandings of phenomena of its subject and these phenomenons' more truthful, useful, practical and efficient classifications.

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Links:

W:

Common law 

Under the common law of England, crimes were classified as either treason, felony or misdemeanour, with treason sometimes being included with the felonies. This system was based on the perceived seriousness of the offence. It is still used in the United States but the distinction between felony and misdemeanour is abolished in England and Wales and Northern Ireland.

U.S. classification[edit]

In the United States since 1930, the FBI has tabulated Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) annually from crime data submitted by law enforcement agencies across the United States.[42] Officials compile this data at the city, county, and state levels into the UCR. They classify violations of laws based on common law as Part I (index) crimes in UCR data. These are further categorised as violent or property crimes. Part I violent crimes include murder and criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery; while Part I property crimes include burglary, arson, larceny/theft, and motor-vehicle theft. All other crimes count come under Part II.
For convenience, such lists usually include infractions although, in the U.S., they may come into the sphere not of the criminal law, but rather of the civil law. Compare tortfeasance.
Booking-arrests require detention for a time-frame ranging 1 to 24 hours. 
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Classification and categorisation[edit]

Categorisation by type[edit]

The following classes of offences are used, or have been used, as legal terms of art:
Researchers and commentators have classified crimes into the following categories, in addition to those above:
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Classification and Typology of Crimes: 

Behavioral Biopsychosocial Criminology Approach 

The goal of this direction of studies is to to identify the "biopsychosocial": individual biological, psychological (e.g. "intrapsychic", etc.) and social (and group) factors as determinants in criminal behavior with the purpose of control over it and the development of the specific and preventive measures. 

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The following is the prospective BPS (biopsychosocial ) draft note on attempt at causal, etiological classification of criminal behaviors and crimes as behavioral, (individual and group) phenomena viewed and classified as various, historically formed by the various legal systems and genetically-culturally determined by the various notions of justice, hierarchically organised by severity and types, Offences.


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This classification is arranged along the severity and typology spectrums, which can be quantified and elaborated further.

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Rigid and super-rigid "legal behaviors" on individual and social levels; structured, (under, over, etc.) societies and cultures with totalitarianism at the one of the spectrum extremes.
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Normal Legal Behaviors 

 (How well are they studied, explored and understood? See "human nature".) 

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Non-Legal Behaviors

General Characteristics:

Transgressions: The Misdemeanors 

 Misdemeanor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In some jurisdictions, those who are convicted of a misdemeanor are known as misdemeanants (as contrasted with those convicted of a felony who are known as felons). Depending on the jurisdiction, examples of misdemeanors may include: petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication,simple assault, disorderly conduct, trespass, vandalism, reckless driving, possession ofmarijuana and in some jurisdictions first-time possession of certain other drugs, and other similar crimes. 

 "misdemeanants" - characteristics; prospective studies, if any: do they or the proportion of them turn into "felons"; how do they turn out; what happens to them in their lives; do they serve as a reservoir for tghe "felons" group? 

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 "miscreants" (just an association)

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Offence against the person - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
of Common Law might be viewed as

The Offenses manifested by the Excess of Individual and Group Aggressions: 

 Part I violent crimes include murder and criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery; while Part I property crimes include burglary, arson, larceny/theft, and motor-vehicle theft. All other crimes count come under Part II. (U.S. Classification of Crimes) 


UCR crime categories

For reporting purposes, criminal offenses are divided into two major groups: Part I offenses and Part II offenses.
In Part I, the UCR indexes reported incidents in two categories: violent and property crimes. Aggravated assault, forcible rape, murder, and robbery are classified as violent while arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft are classified as property crimes. These are reported via the document named Return A – Monthly Return of Offenses Known to the Police. Part 1 crimes are collectively known as Index crimes, this name is used because the crimes are considered quite serious, tend to be reported more reliably than others, and are reported directly to the police and not to a separate agency (ex- IRS) that doesn't necessarily contribute to the UCR.
In Part II, the following categories are tracked: simple assault, curfew offenses and loitering, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drug offenses, fraud, gambling, liquor offenses, offenses against the family, prostitution, public drunkenness, runaways, sex offenses, stolen property, vandalism, vagrancy, and weapons offenses.
Two property reports are also included with the Return A. The first is the Property Stolen by Classification report. This report details the number of actual crimes of each type in the Return A and the monetary value of property stolen in conjunction with that crime. Some offenses are reported in greater detail on this report than on the Return A. For example, on the Report A, burglaries are divided into three categories: Forcible Entry, Unlawful Entry – No Force, and Attempted Forcible Entry. On the Property Stolen by Classification report, burglaries are divided into six categories based on location type and the time of the offense. Offenses are counted in residences with offense times of 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. and Unknown Time and Non-residences with the same three time groupings.
The second property report is the Property Stolen by Type and Value report. The monetary value of both stolen and recovered property are totaled and classified as one of eleven property types
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Individual Aggressions: Offences and Physical Aggression against the person


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physical: Offence against the person - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
of Common Law
  • Fatal offences : 
Violent crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

File:Violent Crime in the United States.png
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  • Fatal offences
    • Murder: murder
    • Manslaughter: criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter) 

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Sexual Offenses and Aggression:

  • Sexual offences: 

Others: 

Sex and the law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Material: Offenses and Aggression against Property Rights

robbery, arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft 

 Return A. For example, on the Report A, burglaries are divided into three categories... 

Property crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

File:Propertycrime-us.svg
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Mental Aggression and Offenses: 

(e.g. "cyberbullying", etc.),
mostly for the "sadistic" aspect of aggression, out of cruelty

Thrill killing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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others:


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  • Non-fatal non-sexual offences 


W: The crimes are usually grouped together in common law countries as a legacy of the Offences against the Person Act 1861.
Although most sexual offences will also be offences against the person,[3] for various reasons (including sentencing and registration of offenders) sexual crimes are usually categorised separately. Similarly, although many homicides also involve an offence against the person, they are usually categorised under the more serious category.

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Offenses against groups, societies, cultures and people

 treason: individual's aggression against the group

genocides

hate crimes

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Group Aggressions: 

 Gangs and Criminal Groups 

 Criminal States

 War Crimes
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 The nature of human and animal aggressive behaviors; BPS approach; Lorenz on Aggression; ethology.

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Links and References to posts on Behavioral Biopsychosocial Criminology - Last Update on 12.15.13












Behavioral Criminology: Crime and Criminology - Searches and Links

Behavior and Law: Crime and Behavior: Links and References - 1 - Last Update on: 4:15 PM 12/13/2013
Puerto Rico News: Crime In Puerto Rico: Attempts At Analysis And Search For The Solutions; In Facts And Opinions - Web Review
Crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Correlates of crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Criminology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime prevention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime mapping - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Behavioural sciences - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Psychology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Quantitative methods in criminology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime - Search results - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime statistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Uniform Crime Reports - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
National Crime Victimization Survey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of countries by intentional homicide rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Criminal law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Offence against the person - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Felony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Murder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
crime - Google Search
types of crime - Google Search
causes of crime - Google Search
Crime Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime - James Q. Wilson, Richard J. Herrnstein - Google Books
causes of crime theories - Google Search
biological theory of crime definition - Google Search
criminology - Google Search
behavioral criminology - Google Search
Why Crime Keeps Falling - WSJ.com
www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector/drivers-of-crime/publications-and-background-information/documents/spb-theories-on-the-causes-of-crime
www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb54.pdf/$file/cjb54.pdf
The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community
What causes crime? - UK - News - The Independent
biopsychosocial criminology - Google Search
psychosocial criminology - Google Search
psychosocial criminology an introduction - Google Search
psychosocial criminology definition - Google Search
psychosocial criminology david gadd - Google Search
criminal behavior - Google Search
criminality - Google Search
crime prevention - Google Search
crime prevention programs - Google Search
crime prevention programs and mental illness - Google Search
crime prevention and mental illness - Google Search

Puerto Rico

Crime in Puerto Rico - Articles - 02

crime in puerto rico - Google Search
crime in puerto rico stats - Google Search
puerto rico - DHS.gov Search Results
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Friday, December 13, 2013

Crime and Behavior: Links and References - 1 - Last Update on: 4:15 PM 12/13/2013

Crime and Behavior: Links and References - 1 - Last Update on: 4:15 PM 12/13/2013

Biological theories of deviance (W) 

Praveen Attri claims genetic reasons to be largely responsible for social deviance. The Italian school of criminology contends that biological factors may contribute to crime and deviance. Cesare Lombroso was among the first to research and develop the Theory of Biological Deviance which states that some people are genetically predisposed to criminal behavior. He believed that criminals were a product of earlier genetic forms. The main influence of his research was Charles Darwin and his Theory of Evolution. Lombroso theorized that people were born criminals or in other words, less evolved humans who were biologically more related to our more primitive and animalistic urges. From his research, Lombroso took Darwin's Theory and looked at primitive times himself in regards to deviant behaviors. He found that the skeletons that he studied mostly had low foreheads and protruding jaws. These characteristics resembled primitive beings such as Homo Neanderthalensis. He stated that little could be done to cure born criminals because their characteristics were biologically inherited. Over time, most of his research was disproved. His research was refuted by Pearson and Charles Goring.They discovered that Lombroso had not researched enough skeletons to make his research thorough enough. When Pearson and Goring researched skeletons on their own they tested many more and found that the bone structure had no relevance in deviant behavior. The statistical study that Charles Goring published on this research is called "The English Convict".

Statistics on crime (W) are gathered and reported by many countries, They are of particular interest to several international organizations, including Interpol and the United Nations. Law enforcement agencies in some countries, such as the FBI in the United States and the Home Office in England & Wales, publish crime indices, which are compilations of statistics for various types of crime.
Two major methods for collecting crime data are law enforcement reports, which only reflect reported crimes and victimization statistical surveys. The latter rely on individual honesty. For less frequent crimes such as intentional homicide and armed robbery, reported incidences are generally more reliable. Because laws vary between jurisdictions, comparing crime statistics between and even within countries can be difficult.
The U.S. has two major data collection programs, the Uniform Crime Reports from the FBI and the National Crime Victimization Survey from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. However, the U.S. has no comprehensive infrastructure to monitor crime trends and report the information to related parties such as law enforcement.[1]
Research using a series of victim surveys in 18 countries of the European Union, funded by the European Commission, has reported (2005) that the level of crime in Europe has fallen back to the levels of 1990, and notes that levels of common crime have shown declining trends in the U.S., Canada, Australia and other industrialized countries as well. The European researchers say a general consensus identifies demographic change as the leading cause for this international trend. Although homicide and robbery rates rose in the U.S. in the 1980s, by the end of the century they had declined by 40%.[1]
However, the European research suggests that "increased use of crime prevention measures may indeed be the common factor behind the near universal decrease in overall levels of crime in the Western world", since decreases have been most pronounced in property crime and less so, if at all, in contact crimes.[2][3][4]


Crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Correlates of crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Criminology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
crime - Google Search
types of crime - Google Search
causes of crime - Google Search
Crime Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime - James Q. Wilson, Richard J. Herrnstein - Google Books
www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector/drivers-of-crime/publications-and-background-information/documents/spb-theories-on-the-causes-of-crime
www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb54.pdf/$file/cjb54.pdf
The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community
What causes crime? - UK - News - The Independent
causes of crime theories - Google Search
biological theory of crime definition - Google Search
crime in puerto rico - Google Search
crime in puerto rico stats - Google Search
puerto rico - DHS.gov Search Results

causes of crime - GS

Crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime‎

    The term crime does not, in modern times, have any simple and universally accepted definition, but one definition is that a crime, also called an offence or a ...
    ‎Crime (disambiguation) - ‎Offence against the person - ‎Category:Crime - ‎Battery 

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Correlates of crime - From Wikipedia


Biosocial criminology[edit]


Biosocial criminology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring both biological factors and environmental factors. While contemporary criminology has been dominated by sociological theories, biosocial criminology also recognizes the potential contributions of fields such as genetics, neuropsychology, and evolutionary psychology.[9]

Handbook of Crime Correlates (Google eBook)

Front Cover
Academic Press, May 7, 2009 - Psychology - 264 pages
0 Reviews

Over the past two centuries, many aspects of criminal behavior have been investigated. Finding this information and making sense of it all is difficult when many studies would appear to offer contradictory findings. The Handbook of Crime Correlates collects in one source the summary analysis of crime research worldwide. It provides over 400 tables that divide crime research into nine broad categories: Pervasiveness and intra-offending relationships Demographic factors Ecological and macroeconomic factors Family and peer factors Institutional factors Behavioral and personality factors Cognitive factors Biological factors Crime victimization and fear of crime Within these broad categories, tables identify regions of the world and how separate variables are or are not positively or negatively associated with criminal behavior. Criminal behavior is broken down into separate offending categories of violent crime, property crime, drug offenses, sex offenses, delinquency, general and adult offenses, and recidivism. Accompanying each table is a description of what each table indicates in terms of the positive or negative association of specific variables with specific types of crime by region. This book should serve as a valuable resource for criminal justice personnel and academics in the social and life sciences interested in criminal behavior.
References and all tabular materials can be found at our website: http://booksite.academicpress.com/Ellis/dev
More »


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Friday, October 25, 2013

Psychopharmacology Links

Psychopharmacology Links

 Psychopharmacology - W

Psychopharmacology revolution - W

Chlorpromazine has H1, M1, and α1 receptor antagonist activity. This causes sedation, anticholinergic effects, as well as orthostatic hypotension. It also functions as a blocker of D2 receptors, although it is much weaker and less selective than haloperidol in this respect. Blockade of the D2 receptors is thought to underlie the antipsychotic effect of the typical antipsychotics. However, in the case of atypicals such as clozapine and risperidone, blockade of 5HT2A receptors are thought to also account for an important part of their pharmacology.
Minor chemical manipulations in the chemical structure of chlorpromazine was used to create novel antipsychotic agents such as thioridazine and fluoperazine.
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Minor chemical manipulations in the structure of chlorpromazine led to the first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), imipramine (Tofranil), whose structure is iminodibenzyl (dibenzazepine) based.[3]
Imipramine was first used on agitated psychotic patients, but it was shown that in the majority of cases their condition did not improve and actually worsened slightly. However, it was noted that a few of the patients who were depressed became more animated so its use in the treatment of depression became apparent.
Due to the chemical similarity of imipramine to chlorpromazine, this agent also functions as a H1, M1, and α1 receptor antagonist. Imipramine is also known to function as a fast sodium channel blocker, which is said to account for the cardiotoxicity of this agent. The collective effect of imipramine on these receptors is not thought to contribute to its therapeutic activity in the treatment of depression, although it is believed to account for mostly all of its side effects.
The usefulness of the TCAs in treating depression is thought to stem from their ability to inhibit the uptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA). It was proposed that designing agents that were more selective for 5-HT and/or NA would lower the incidence of side effects. This in turn has led to the development/discovery of the SSRIs and SNRIs.
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The investigations into the mechanism of activity of these agents that followed their discovery led to the proposal of the "chemical imbalance" of neurotransmitters theory of mood disorders, which is supposed to account for the pathophysiology and/or pathogenesis of these states. It follows that these so-called "imbalances" can be corrected by the judicious application of appropriately selected psychotropic medication(s).
An excess of dopamine is cited as the cause of schizophrenia,[4] whereas a deficiency of noradrenaline and serotonin were cited as the cause for depression.
The discovery of reserpine was also of great significance to the development of the monoamine amine theory of depression.
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selected psychotropic medication(s)

  various anticholinergic alkaloids
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psychotropic drugs - W 

dopamine antagonists - W

antipsychotics - W

evolutionary psychology - W regarding the relationship of self and society

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psychopharmacology - GS

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Wednesday, September 11, 2013

Greece: Suicide Has Soared During Crisis

» World Briefing | Europe: Greece: Suicide Has Soared During Crisis, Aid Group Says
11/09/13 01:08 from NYT > Europe
Suicides increased by 45 percent during the first four years of Greece’s financial crisis, a mental health aid group said Tuesday.    
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Sunday, September 8, 2013

Banning a Pseudo-Therapy - By THE EDITORIAL BOARD - NYT

The New York Times

September 7, 2013

Banning a Pseudo-Therapy


By 


A discredited therapy that purports to convert homosexuals to heterosexuals was repudiated again late last month. This time, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit unanimously upheld a California law preventing licensed therapists from counseling minors to change their sexual orientation from gay to straight.
So-called “conversion therapy” or “reparative therapy” began at a time when professionals in medicine and psychology considered homosexuality an illness that was amenable to treatment. That ended in 1973, when homosexuality was removed from the psychiatry profession’s diagnostic manual of mental disorders. Soon all major mental health associations followed suit. A small number of therapists, however, continue to practice and advocate conversion therapy today.
The California law, which was signed by Gov. Jerry Brown in September 2012, says those practicing conversion therapy on a patient under 18 would be engaging in “unprofessional conduct” subject to discipline by state licensing authorities.
The State Legislature relied heavily on professional reviews of the scientific literature, which concluded that the effectiveness of conversion therapy had not been demonstrated and cited anecdotal reports of its harm, including depression, suicidal thoughts or actions, and substance abuse.
The law was quickly challenged in Federal District Court as unconstitutional by practitioners, young patients and their parents, leading to split verdicts and appeals to the federal appeals court, which upheld the ban.
The three judges, appointed by Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, concluded that the law did not violate the free-speech rights of therapists and minor patients or the fundamental rights of parents, because it did nothing to prevent licensed therapists from discussing the pros and cons of conversion therapy with their patients. The law regulates conduct, not speech, the panel reasoned, and lies well within the power of the state to prohibit practices it considers harmful to minors.
Conversion therapy has had other setbacks in recent months. Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey signed a bill on Aug. 19 banning conversion therapy for minors, making New Jersey the second state to do so. In June, a Christian group that was a leading proponent of conversion therapy disbanded after 37 years, and issued an apology to gays and lesbians for the harm it had caused.
The old idea that homosexuality is an illness that can be “cured” may at last be headed for the trash heap.

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