Neuroimaging in Autism: Fractional anisotropy values - AJP CME Course for June 2012: Differences in White Matter Fiber Tract Development Present From 6 to 24 Months in Infants with Autism

Neuroimaging in Autism: Fractional anisotropy values - AJP CME Course for June 2012: Differences in White Matter Fiber Tract Development Present From 6 to 24 Months in Infants with Autism

fractional anisotropy values - GS 

normal fractional anisotropy values - GS 

____________________________________

Fractional anisotropy 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a scalar value between zero and one that describes the degree of anisotropy of a diffusion process. A value of zero means that diffusion is isotropic, i.e. it is unrestricted (or equally restricted) in all directions. A value of one means that diffusion occurs only along one axis and is fully restricted along all other directions. FA is a measure often used in diffusion imaging where it is thought to reflect fiber density, axonal diameter, and myelination in white matter. The FA is an extension of the concept of eccentricity of conic sections in 3 dimensions, normalized to the unit range.

______________________________________

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*

Original Research

Diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy of the normal-appearing seven segments of the corpus callosum in healthy adults and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients^†

1. Khader M. Hasan PhD^1,*,
2. Rakesh K. Gupta MD¹,
3. Rafael M. Santos MD, FRCS¹,
4. Jerry S. Wolinsky MD²,
5. Ponnada A. Narayana PhD¹

Article first published online: 19 MAY 2005

DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20296

Copyright © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Issue

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Volume 21, Issue 6, pages 735–743, June 2005

Additional Information(Show All)

How to CiteAuthor InformationPublication HistoryFunding Information

How to Cite

Hasan, K. M., Gupta, R. K., Santos, R. M., Wolinsky, J. S. and Narayana, P. A. (2005), Diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy of the normal-appearing seven segments of the corpus callosum in healthy adults and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 21: 735–743. doi: 10.1002/jmri.20296

Author Information

1. ¹ Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
2. ² Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

Email: Khader M. Hasan PhD (Khader.M.Hasan@uth.tmc.edu)

^*Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 2.100, Houston, TX 77030

1. ^†
   Presented in part at the 12th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Kyoto, Japan, 2004 (abstract 1498). The acquisition, processing, and quantitative analysis methodologies were also described in abstracts 338 and 1350 presented at the same meeting.

Publication History

1. Issue published online: 19 MAY 2005
2. Article first published online: 19 MAY 2005
3. Manuscript Accepted: 7 FEB 2005
4. Manuscript Received: 16 DEC 2004

Funded by

• NIH. Grant Numbers: R01 NS31499, R01 EB02095
• Dunn Research Foundation
• Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas at Houston

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Keywords:

• diffusion tensor imaging;
• multiple sclerosis;
• corpus callosum

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the utility of whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in elucidating the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) using the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of the corpus callosum (CC) as a marker of occult disease activity.

Materials and Methods

A high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and optimized entire brain DTI data were acquired in 26 clinically-definite relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and 32 age-matched healthy adult controls. The fractional anisotropy (FA) values of seven functionally distinct regions in the normal-appearing CC were compared between patients and controls.

Results

This study indicates that 1) there was a gender-independent FA heterogeneity of the functionally specialized CC segments in normal volunteers; 2) FA in the MS group was significantly decreased in the anterior (P = 0.0039) and posterior (P = 0.0018) midbody subdivisions of the CC, possibly due to a reduction of small-caliber axons; and 3) the FA of the genu of the CC was relatively intact in the MS patients compared to the healthy age-matched controls (P = 0.644), while the splenium showed an insignificant trend of reduced FA values (P = 0.248). The decrease in FA in any of the CC subdivisions did not correlate with disease duration (DD) or the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score.

Conclusion

The preliminary results are consistent with published histopathology and clinical studies on MS, but not with some published DTI reports. This study provides insights into the pathogenesis of MS, and the role played by compromised axonal integrity in this disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:735–743. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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CME > AJP CME >

June 01, 2012

AJP CME Course for June 2012: Differences in White Matter Fiber Tract Development Present From 6 to 24 Months in Infants with Autism

Expires May 31, 2014

Estimates of the fractional anisotropy slope parameters with standard errors are presented for the ASD-positive and -negative groups for all tracts in Table 2. Both groups showed significant increases in fractional anisotropy from 6 to 24 months, though the rate of change for the ASD-negative group was significantly greater than that for the ASD-positive group in the bilateral limbic (fornix) and association (inferior longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate) fiber tracts. Individual and mean group trajectories for these tracts are presented in Figure 1. The changes from 6 to 24 months in fractional anisotropy for the corpus callosum subdivisions are shown in Figure 2; the change for the body was significantly different in the two groups. For projection tracts, the growth trajectories of the left anterior thalamic radiation and all internal capsule divisions were significantly steeper for the ASD-negative infants (Figure 3).

________________________________________

CME > AJP CME >

June 01, 2012

AJP CME Course for June 2012: Differences in White Matter Fiber Tract Development Present From 6 to 24 Months in Infants with Autism

Expires May 31, 2014

1.
Fractional anisotropy values may be generated for white matter fiber tracts. Values in the high range (e.g., 0.8–1.0) are indicative of what quality?


A. Isotropic diffusion

B. Transverse diffusion

C. Weak directional diffusion

D. Strong directional diffusion

2.
At 6 months old, cross-sectional fractional anisotropy values for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-negative and ASD-positive groups differed for which of the following white matter tracts?


A. Right uncinate fasciculus

B. Left inferior longitudinal fasciculus

C. Left anterior thalamic radiation

D. Splenium of corpus callosum

3.
In typical white matter development during infancy, what two processes combine to ensure efficient structural connectivity between brain regions?


A. Axon pruning and myelination

B. Apoptosis and glial cell proliferation

C. Neural refinement and canalization

D. Microglial activation and synaptogenesis

 _______________________________________

A Critique of the DSM-5 Field Trials - Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease: Original Article

Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease:

June 2012 - Volume 200 - Issue 6 - p 517–519

doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e318257c699

Original Article

A Critique of the DSM-5 Field Trials

Jones, K. Dayle PhD, LMHC

Abstract

Abstract: This article provides an overview and critique of the field trials for the current revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The purpose of the DSM-5 field trials was to evaluate the use, feasibility, safety, reliability, and validity of the DSM-5 proposals. In this article, the procedures for evaluating these properties of the DSM-5 are reviewed, and several concerns—such as delays, disorganization, missed deadlines, field trial cancelations, lack of adequate validity testing, and high clinician attrition rates—and their likely impact on the field trial results are presented.

© 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

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Defense Rebuts Insanity Claim in Breivik Trial - ABC News

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Defense Rebuts Insanity Claim in Breivik Trial ABC News Defense Rebuts Insanity Claim in Breivik Trial. ... him legally sane, saying he suffers from a dissocial and narcissistic personality disorder, but is not psychotic. Breivik Smiles As Prosecutors State Insanity VerdictCare2.com (blog) Anders Breivik and the trouble with defining sanityThe Guardian (blog) all 1,644 news articles »

Defense Rebuts Insanity Claim in Breivik Trial

By JULIA GRONNEVET and KARL RITTER Associated Press

OSLO, Norway June 22, 2012 (AP)

 

On the last day of his trial, Anders Behring Breivik's defense lawyers on Friday tried to cast the confessed mass killer as a political militant motivated by an extreme right-wing ideology rather than a delusional madman who killed 77 people for the sake of killing.
Since Breivik has admitted to the bomb-and-gun attacks on July 22, the self-styled anti-Muslim militant's mental state has been the key focus of the 10-week trial.
Nevertheless, Breivik's defense lawyer Geir Lippestad requested that the 32-year-old Norwegian be acquitted or given the mildest possible prison term for the country's worst peacetime massacre. The plea for acquittal was made out of principle, without any realistic chance of success: Breivik claims he acted in defense of his nation and that the killings were therefore justified.
In his closing arguments, Lippestad reiterated that Breivik accepts that he set off a bomb outside a government high-rise and then gunned down dozens of teenagers at a Labor Party youth camp in the way that the attacks were described in court.
"That little, safe Norway would be hit by such a terror attack is almost impossible to understand," Lippestad said. And that helps explain why psychiatric experts reached different conclusions about Breivik's mental state, he added.
Lippestad tried to prove to the court that Breivik's claims of being a resistance fighter in a struggle to protect Norway and Europe from being colonized by Muslims are not delusional, but part of a political view shared by other right-wing extremists.

AP

Anders Behring Breivik, the confessed gunman... View Full Caption

 

Anders Behring Breivik, the confessed gunman who killed 77 people last year in a bomb and shooting rampage, center, reacts in court as prosecutors deliver their closing arguments in the court in Oslo, Norway Thursday June 21, 2012. After nearly 10 weeks of grueling testimony of one of the worst peacetime massacres in modern history, it's time for prosecutors to decide their position on whether they think confessed mass killer Anders Behring Breivik is insane or not. (AP Photo/Berit Roald/Scanpix NTB POOL) Close

He also refuted assertions by one team of psychiatrists that the driving force behind Breivik's attacks was a psychotic impulse to kill, rather than a political ideology.
"July 22 was an inferno of violence," Lippestad said. "But we must also look at how he carried out the attacks to see whether it was violence in itself or radical politics that was the cause."
"He realized that it is wrong to kill but he chose to kill. That's what terrorists do," Lippestad said. "The ends justify the means. You don't understand this if you don't understand the culture of right-wing extremists."
When Breivik talks about a civil war he's not fantasizing about tanks and soldiers in the forest, but referring to a low-intensity struggle he believes will last for 60 years, Lippestad said.
"None of us know what Europe will look like in 60 years," Lippestad said. "Who would have thought 10 years ago that a right-wing extremist party in Greece would get 10 percent in the election now?"
Two teams of psychiatrists reached opposite conclusions about Breivik's mental health. The first team diagnosed him with "paranoid schizophrenia," a serious mental illness. The second team found him legally sane, saying he suffers from a dissocial and narcissistic personality disorder, but is not psychotic.
Prosecutors on Thursday called for an insanity ruling, saying there was enough doubt about Breivik's mental state to preclude a prison sentence.
The five-judge panel is expected to make a ruling in July or August. If deemed mentally competent, Breivik would likely be given Norway's maximum prison term of 21 years. A sentence can be extended beyond that if a prisoner is considered a menace to society. If declared insane, he would be committed to a mental institution for as long as he's considered sick and dangerous to others. Prosecutors suggested Thursday that could mean he would be held for the rest of his life.
Lippestad's otherwise focused statement ended on a confusing note when he asked the court for the most lenient possible prison sentence for his client. After being corrected by Breivik, Lippestad said the defense asks for an acquittal or a lenient sentence, but primarily wants the court to reject the insanity claim.

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Prosecutors want mass killer Breivik ruled insane Reuters OSLO (Reuters) - Prosecutors asked a Norwegian court on Thursday to declare far- right mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik insane and commit him to a ...

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Anders Behring Breivik legally insane, says prosecutor Herald Sun SELF-confessed Norwegian mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik is legally insane and should be remanded into "compulsory mental heath care," prosecutor ...

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Telegraph.co.uk

Anders Behring Breivik 'should be declared insane' Telegraph.co.uk Anders Behring Breivik, the confessed gunman who killed 77 people last year in a bomb and shooting rampage, reacts in court as prosecutors deliver their ...

Anders Behring Breivik Trial: Norway Killer's Prosecutors Ask For ... - Huffington Post

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Wall Street Journal

Anders Behring Breivik Trial: Norway Killer's Prosecutors Ask For ... Huffington Post OSLO, Norway — If Norwegian prosecutors get their way, no one will be held criminally responsible for the deaths of 77 people in a bomb and shooting ... Prosecutors Want Breivik in HospitalWall Street Journal Prosecutors in Norway Seek Hospital for GunmanNew York Times Anders Behring Breivik resists insanity claim by prosecutionThe Guardian TIME -Fox News all 1,130 news articles »

Gates of Vienna: Norway Expresses its Love

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This concerns a very nutty Norwegian professor who sincerely hopes that Anders Behring Breivik will be given the chance to return to society at some stage. Notice also ..... Down's Syndrome Babies, Sarah Palin and the BBC ...

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WRAL.com

Breivik Smiles As Prosecutors State Insanity Verdict Care2.com (blog) A Norwegian psychiatrist, Ulrik Fredrik Malt of the University of Oslo, has proposed that Breivik has Asperger's Syndrome and Tourette's Syndrome, and that he ... Norway prosecutors assert that Breivik insaneWRAL.com Anders Breivik and the trouble with defining sanityThe Guardian (blog) all 1,068 news articles »

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Media Circus Quiet as Trial of Norwegian Killer Winds Down - Hollywood Reporter

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Media Circus Quiet as Trial of Norwegian Killer Winds Down Hollywood Reporter The Oslo court is expected to issue its verdict against mass killer Anders Behring Breivik in July or August.

Anders Behring Breivik trial: Norway killer 'insane,' should get ... - GlobalPost

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Anders Behring Breivik trial: Norway killer 'insane,' should get ... GlobalPost Prosecutors in the trial of Anders Behring Breivik have asked for him to be considered insane and sent to a psychiatric facility, not prison.

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Norway prosecutors assert that Breivik insane Ct Post Even though self-styled anti-Muslim militant Anders Behring Breivik insists he is sane and that he carried out the July 22 attacks for political reasons, prosecutors ...

Anders Behring Breivik grins as Norway prosecutors ask for him to ... - National Post

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Prescutor: Breivik should be put in psychiatric care, not prison - DigitalJournal.com

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Prescutor: Breivik should be put in psychiatric care, not prison DigitalJournal.com Norwegian Prosecutor Svein Holden said a verdict needs to be reached to finally decide whether or not Anders Behring Breivik is clinically sane.

Public still respects court psychiatry - Views and News from Norway

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Public still respects court psychiatry Views and News from Norway The survey, conducted by research firm Norstat for Norwegian Broadcasting ... those questioned retain the same level of confidence they had in court psychiatry. Prosecutors ask for psychiatric care not prison for BreivikCTV.ca all 1,278 news articles »

Public still respects court *psychiatry* : Views and News from Norway

via international psychiatry journals - Google Blog Search by Views and News staff on 6/21/12

The traumatic trial of confessed Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik has raised major questions over the role of forensic psychiatry in Norway's legal system. Conflicting diagnoses of Breivik's mental health have resulted in serious doubt over whether he can be punished for his ... and News from Norway/Nina Berglund. Please support our news service. Readers in Norway can use our donor account. Our international readers can click on our “Donate” button: ...

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Prosecutors Want Breivik in Hospital - Wall Street Journal | Prosecutors Want Psychiatric Care For Breivik

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Prosecutors Want Breivik in Hospital - Wall Street Journal

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Wall Street Journal

Prosecutors Want Breivik in Hospital Wall Street Journal ... killer to be considered insane and asked the court to sentence him to compulsory psychiatric care. ... Order a reprint of this article now; The Wall Street Journal ... and more »

Public still respects court psychiatry - Views and News from Norway

via psychiatry research - Google News on 6/22/12

CTV.ca

Public still respects court psychiatry Views and News from Norway The survey, conducted by research firm Norstat for Norwegian Broadcasting ... those questioned retain the same level of confidence they had in court psychiatry. Prosecutors ask for psychiatric care not prison for BreivikCTV.ca all 1,278 news articles »

Public still respects court *psychiatry* : Views and News from Norway

via international psychiatry journals - Google Blog Search by Views and News staff on 6/21/12

The traumatic trial of confessed Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik has raised major questions over the role of forensic psychiatry in Norway's legal system. Conflicting diagnoses of Breivik's mental health have resulted in serious doubt over whether he can be punished for his ... and News from Norway/Nina Berglund. Please support our news service. Readers in Norway can use our donor account. Our international readers can click on our “Donate” button: ...

Prescutor: Breivik should be put in psychiatric care, not prison - DigitalJournal.com

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Prescutor: Breivik should be put in psychiatric care, not prison DigitalJournal.com Norwegian Prosecutor Svein Holden said a verdict needs to be reached to finally decide whether or not Anders Behring Breivik is clinically sane.

Prosecutors Want Psychiatric Care For Breivik - Eagle Radio

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Prosecutors Want Psychiatric Care For Breivik Eagle Radio Prosecutors in the trial of Norwegian mass killer Anders Breivik have requested he is given psychiatric care instead of being sent to prison because of doubts ...

 

Prosecutors Want Psychiatric Care For Breivik 

News > World News
9:00am 21st June 2012.

Prosecutors in the trial of Norwegian mass killer Anders Breivik have requested he is given psychiatric care instead of being sent to prison because of doubts over his sanity.
In their closing arguments, prosecutors said it could not be ruled out that the 33-year-old was psychotic when he killed 77 people in a bomb and gun rampage on July 22.
Prosecutor Svein Holden said: "We request that he is transferred to compulsory psychiatric care."
If the court comes to the same conclusion when it issues its ruling, expected next month, it would mean that Breivik will avoid criminal responsibility for Norway's worst peacetime massacre.
The defence is likely to refute the insanity finding on Friday, the last day of the 10-week trial. Breivik, who styles himself as an anti-Muslim militant, claims he is sane and that his attacks were motivated by his political views.
Just like when the trial stared in mid-April, the 33-year-old Norwegian flashed a clenched-fist salute with his right arm before he was led out of the court on Thursday.



Five judges will have to look at all the evidence presented in court - including the two official reports from two teams of forensic psychiatrists. One declaring Breivik sane. The other declaring him insane.
The first team of psychiatrists, declared Breivik insane, ignoring his right-wing extremism and political motivation.
Based on psychiatry, they say he is psychotic and a paranoid schizophrenic and that he lives in his own delusional universe where all thoughts and actions are controlled by his delusions.

None of the other witnesses with expertise on psychiatry and psychology agrees Breivik is insane. A dozen or so have given evidence in court.
The second team declaring him "of sound mind" said he has no serious mental illness and is not psychotic. They say he suffers from narcissistic personality disorder, but that does not make him insane.
The first psychiatrists interpret his withdrawal from friends, work and social life in 2006 as being unable to function in a normal society. The second team of psychiatrists see this as natural behaviour for a terrorist planning an attack.
In court, they admitted doubts over their opinion after the first week of the trial when Breivik showed no emotions at all but after a secret 19-minute meeting with Breivik in his waiting cell in Oslo district court they were reassured.
This doubt could be vital when the judges decide Breivik's fate. How big is this doubt?
If the judges are more than 25% uncertain that Breivik is sane, the law says this doubt should "benefit" the perpetrator by declaring him insane, just to ensure no insane offenders end up in prison.
The dilemma is that Breivik and his defence team do not see this as a benefit to him.
He wants to be declared sane despite the fact that a transfer to mental health care would given him a more "comfortable" life.
Breivik's defence team will on Friday ask for him to be declared of sound mind, even though it means an indeterminate prison sentence.
The verdict is expected on either July 20 or August 24.